In Thailand, religion isn’t something reserved for Sundays or special occasions. It’s the monks collecting alms on your street at dawn, the spirit house outside the 7-Eleven, the jasmine garlands on taxi dashboards and the days when the shops won’t sell you a beer.
This guide explains Thailand’s main faiths, how they blend in everyday life and what that means for you as a visitor or resident, from temple etiquette to the Buddhist holidays that affect your plans.
Religion in Thailand at a Glance
- Buddhism 93.5% · Islam 5.4% · Christianity 1.1%· Other or no religion 0.1%. These are the official figures from the National Statistical Office’s 2018 survey. Independent estimates from academics and religious organisations put the Buddhist share somewhat lower, at around 85 to 90 percent, and the Muslim population at up to 10 percent.
- Hinduism is too small to appear separately in the survey, but its influence is everywhere: from the Erawan Shrine and Brahmin priests at royal ceremonies to the Ramakien, Thailand’s national epic. Thai law officially recognises five religious groups: Buddhists, Muslims, Brahmin-Hindus, Sikhs and Christians.
- Where you’ll notice it: Muslim communities are concentrated in the deep south (Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun) and in parts of Bangkok. Christianity is most visible in the north, especially around Chiang Mai. Chinese folk religion blends with Buddhism and is officially counted as Buddhist, so you’ll see it everywhere from Chinatown shrines to spirit houses.
- What it means in practice: cover shoulders and knees at temples, women don’t touch monks or hand things to them directly, and alcohol sales stop nationwide on major Buddhist holy days (hotels, international airports and some licensed venues are exempt).
Table of Contents
- Visiting Temples, Mosques and Shrines: What Locals Notice
- Buddhism in Thailand
- Islam in Thailand
- Chinese Religion and Mahayana Buddhism
- Christianity in Thailand
- Hinduism and Sikhism
- Spirit Houses and Thai Beliefs
- Buddhist Holy Days, Festivals and Alcohol Bans
- Frequently Asked Questions about Religion in Thailand
- Understanding Thailand Through Religion
Visiting Temples, Mosques and Shrines: What Locals Notice
The basics (covered shoulders and knees, no touching monks) are well known. These are the details Thais quietly notice:
- Shoes: you rarely need to remove them for the whole temple grounds, only before entering a building. If there’s a pile of shoes at the door, add yours to it.
- Feet: when sitting in front of a Buddha image, tuck your feet behind you or to the side. Never point them at the Buddha, a monk or a shrine.
- Buddha images: don’t climb on them, touch their heads or pose next to them in playful ways. Every Buddha image is treated as sacred, whatever its size or age.
- Monks: sit lower than a monk when talking to one. Women hand items to monks by placing them on a cloth the monk lays down, or by passing them to a man first.
- Chedis and shrines: walk around them clockwise, keeping the structure on your right.
- Photos: fine in most temple grounds, but skip flash and avoid photographing people mid-prayer or monks during chanting.
- Mosques: women should cover their hair, and everyone should avoid visiting during prayer times, especially Friday midday prayers.
Insider Tip
Step over the raised wooden threshold at a temple door, never on it. Many Thais believe a guardian spirit lives in the threshold, and older visitors will notice if you stand on it.
For greetings, gestures and everyday customs outside religious sites, see our Thailand etiquette guide.
Buddhism in Thailand
Around 93.5% of Thais follow Theravada Buddhism, the school also practised in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. It emphasises meditation, monastic life and personal responsibility for one’s actions. Buddhism arrived in the region more than a thousand years ago and today shapes everything from family milestones to public holidays.
You don’t need to visit a temple to see it. Monks collect alms on residential streets at dawn, office workers stop at a shrine on their way to the BTS, and the local wat often doubles as a school, a community hall and the place where families hold funerals.
Monastic Life
Ordination is one of the most important moments in a Thai Buddhist family, and it comes in two forms:
- Novice ordination (บวชเรียน, buat rian): boys become novices (nen) for a short period, often during the school holidays, to learn the basics of Buddhist teaching and earn merit for their families.
- Full ordination (บวชพระ, buat phra): men from the age of 20 can ordain as fully ordained monks (bhikkhus). Many do so temporarily, often for the three months of Buddhist Lent (Khao Phansa), and traditionally before marriage. Some stay for life.
A son’s ordination is believed to bring great merit to his parents, above all to his mother. That’s why ordinations are often timed around a parent’s birthday, illness or retirement.
Insider Tip
See a cheerful procession with drums, dancing and a young man dressed all in white, sometimes with a shaved head? That’s a hae nak, the parade that takes an ordination candidate (nak) to the temple. Onlookers are usually welcome to watch, and sometimes to join in.
Daily life in a monastery revolves around meditation, chanting and study. Monks and novices rise before dawn for the alms round (ตักบาตร, tak bat), eat their last meal before noon and spend the rest of the day on practice, study and temple duties.
Meditation Retreats for Visitors and Expats
Interested in experiencing monastic life yourself? Several temples run programmes in English:
- Suan Mokkh International Dharma Hermitage (Chaiya, Surat Thani): the best-known 10-day silent retreat in Thailand, starting on the 1st of every month. Registration is in person only, the day before.
- Wat Mahathat (Bangkok, near the Grand Palace): meditation instruction for foreigners, convenient if you can’t leave the city for long.
Retreats are strict: phones are often handed in, the day starts before 5am and silence is expected. Check each centre’s current schedule before you travel.
Women in Thai Buddhism
Women play an important but less visible role. Mae chi (แม่ชี) shave their heads, wear white robes, keep eight or more precepts and live at temples, but they are not officially ordained and have a lower status than monks.
A small but growing movement is reviving full ordination for women. In 2003, Dhammananda Bhikkhuni became the first Thai woman of modern times to be fully ordained in the Theravada tradition, receiving ordination in Sri Lanka. She leads Songdhammakalyani Monastery in Nakhon Pathom, about an hour west of Bangkok. Thailand’s official Sangha still does not recognise female monks.
Merit, Karma and the Buddhist Calendar
- Merit-making (ทำบุญ, tham bun): giving food to monks, donating to temples and helping others are believed to bring good fortune in this life and the next. Thais make merit on birthdays, before big decisions and in memory of loved ones.
- Karma and rebirth: good and bad actions have consequences, now and in future lives. This shapes everyday attitudes towards generosity, patience and avoiding conflict.
- Holy days: Makha Bucha, Visakha Bucha, Asanha Bucha and the start and end of Buddhist Lent (Khao Phansa and Ok Phansa) follow the lunar calendar. On these days temples fill up and alcohol sales stop nationwide (see holy days and alcohol bans below).
Insider Tip
Want to join the morning alms round? Ask a local market vendor near a temple at around 6am: many sell ready-made offering sets of rice, curry and water. Remove your shoes before giving, place the food in the monk’s bowl without touching him, and don’t expect a “thank you”. The monk is giving you the opportunity to make merit, so a blessing is the response.
Islam in Thailand
Islam is Thailand’s second-largest religion, officially followed by around 5.4% of the population. Most Thai Muslims are ethnic Malay, but the community also includes ethnic Thais and descendants of traders and settlers from South Asia, Persia, China, Cambodia and Indonesia.
The deep south (Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and Satun) has a Muslim majority, with Malay-influenced architecture, dress and food. But you’ll also find long-established Muslim communities much closer to home: along the Saen Saep canal and in eastern Bangkok districts such as Min Buri and Nong Chok, around Charoen Krung in Bang Rak, and in Phuket and Krabi.
Where to Experience It
- Bang Luang Mosque (Kudi Khao), Thonburi: one of Bangkok’s most unusual mosques, built in traditional Thai style rather than with domes and minarets.
- Haroon Mosque, Bang Rak: a quiet riverside mosque a short walk from Assumption Cathedral, at the heart of one of Bangkok’s oldest Muslim neighbourhoods.
- Ban Haw Mosque, Chiang Mai: the centre of the north’s Chinese Muslim community, near the Night Bazaar.
Halal Food and Thai-Muslim Cuisine
Thai-Muslim cooking is one of the most rewarding parts of the country’s food scene. Look out for khao mok gai (Thai-style chicken biryani), massaman curry, oxtail soup and freshly made roti. Halal restaurants and stalls are easy to find in Bangkok, the south and around any mosque.
Insider Tip
Look for this green halal logo from the Central Islamic Committee of Thailand on packaging, menus and shop signs. You’ll even find it on many 7-Eleven products, which makes checking halal snacks on the go easy.
Ramadan and Eid
During Ramadan, many Muslim-run restaurants close during daylight hours and open at sunset, when the evening meal brings a lively atmosphere to Muslim neighbourhoods. In the deep south, eating and drinking openly in public during the day is best avoided out of respect. Eid al-Fitr, marking the end of Ramadan, is celebrated with prayers, family visits and feasts.
Travelling to the deep south? Several governments advise against non-essential travel to parts of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and Songkhla because of a long-running insurgency. Check your own government’s current travel advice before you go, and note that it may affect your travel insurance.
Chinese Religion and Mahayana Buddhism
A large share of Thais, especially in Bangkok and the south, have Chinese ancestry, and many practise a blend of Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, ancestor veneration and Chinese folk beliefs alongside Thai Buddhism. Officially, they’re simply counted as Buddhist, which is why this side of Thai religious life barely shows up in the statistics. On the street, it’s everywhere: red-and-gold shrines, incense coils, paper offerings and the scent of joss sticks in every Chinatown.
The most beloved figure is Guanyin (เจ้าแม่กวนอิม, Chao Mae Kuan Im), the goddess of mercy. Her statues stand in Chinese temples, Thai temples, shopping malls and homes, and many devotees don’t eat beef out of respect for her.
Where to Experience It
- Wat Mangkon Kamalawat, Yaowarat: Bangkok’s most important Chinese Buddhist temple, busy with worshippers from early morning. It’s right by MRT Wat Mangkon, so combine it with lunch at Zongter around the corner.
- Phuket Old Town: dozens of Chinese shrines, with Jui Tui Shrine at the centre of the island’s Vegetarian Festival.
- Wat Saman Rattanaram, Chachoengsao: a striking example of how faiths blend in Thailand, with Hindu and Chinese deities side by side on the riverbank, an easy day trip from Bangkok.
The Vegetarian Festival (Kin Jay)
For nine days during the ninth Chinese lunar month, usually in October, many Thai-Chinese and Thai Buddhists follow a strict plant-based diet known as jay (เจ), which also excludes garlic, onions and strong spices. Yaowarat in Bangkok hosts food stalls and a deity procession, while Phuket‘s version is famous for its dramatic processions, firecrackers and spirit mediums (ma song) who pierce their cheeks in trance.
In 2026: 10 to 18 October in Bangkok, Phuket and Chinese communities nationwide.
Insider Tip
During the festival, look for yellow flags like this one, often strung up as rows of small triangular pennants, at food stalls, restaurants and even 7-Eleven. The red Thai character (เจ) marks food that’s fully jay, and it’s the easiest time of year to eat vegan in Thailand, including at stalls that normally sell pork.
Ancestors and Everyday Shrines
In early April, Thai-Chinese families observe Cheng Meng (เช็งเม้ง), cleaning their ancestors’ graves and leaving food, flowers and paper offerings. Chinese New Year is the other big family occasion, with Yaowarat at its busiest and most festive.
Insider Tip
Notice a small red shrine at floor level outside a shophouse, often alongside a Thai spirit house on a pillar? That’s a Chinese shrine to the earth god (ตี่จู้เอี๊ยะ, Tee Joo Ia), the guardian of the land and the family’s prosperity. Many Thai-Chinese households honour both.
Christianity in Thailand
Around 1.1% of Thais are Christian, both Catholic and Protestant. Portuguese traders and missionaries arrived in the 16th century, but Christianity never spread widely. Today it’s most visible in the north, where many Karen, Lahu and Akha hill communities are Christian, which gives Chiang Mai province the country’s highest share of Christians. In Bangkok, long-established Catholic communities trace their roots to Portuguese, Vietnamese and Chinese settlers.
Christianity’s influence reaches well beyond its numbers. Missionaries founded some of Thailand’s most prestigious schools and hospitals, including Assumption College, Saint Louis Hospital and Bangkok Christian Hospital. Many Buddhist families send their children to Catholic schools without a second thought.
Historic Churches Worth Visiting
- Assumption Cathedral, Bang Rak: Thailand’s main Catholic cathedral. The first church on the site dates from 1821, and the current red-brick Romanesque building was completed between 1910 and 1918. Pope John Paul II visited in 1984 and Pope Francis in 2019.
- Holy Rosary Church (Kalawar), Talat Noi: a Gothic-style church in one of Bangkok’s oldest riverside neighbourhoods. Watch it in our Talat Noi walking tour.
- Santa Cruz Church, Thonburi: at the heart of the Kudi Chin community, founded by Portuguese settlers, where you can still find Portuguese-influenced cakes (khanom farang).
- Christ Church, Convent Road: Bangkok’s Anglican church, with English-language services and a largely international congregation.
Insider Tip
Christmas and Easter are not public holidays in Thailand. Banks, government offices and most schools are open on 25 December, so if you’re planning family time or visitors over Christmas, book leave early. The festive mood is mostly in the malls, which compete with huge light displays from November onwards.
Hinduism and Sikhism
Hindus make up only a small community in Thailand, mostly of Indian descent, yet Hindu influence runs through Thai culture. Thai kingship and royal ceremonies draw on Brahmin traditions, Brahmin priests still perform rites for the royal court, and the national epic, the Ramakien, is the Thai version of the Indian Ramayana. You’ll see its scenes in the murals of Wat Phra Kaew and in classical khon masked dance.
Hindu gods are also worshipped by many Thai Buddhists, who see no contradiction in praying to Brahma for success or to Ganesha before starting a new business.
Where to Experience It
- Erawan Shrine, Ratchaprasong: Bangkok’s best-known shrine, dedicated to Brahma, at the busy crossroads by BTS Chit Lom. Worshippers often pay the resident dancers to perform when a wish has come true.
- Sri Maha Mariamman Temple (Wat Khaek), Silom: a colourful South Indian temple built by Tamil immigrants. Its Navaratri festival, usually in October, ends with a large procession along Silom Road.
- Devasathan, near the Giant Swing: the royal Brahmin temple, where the court’s Brahmin priests are based. Quiet and rarely visited by tourists.
- Ganesha shrines: the shrine at Huai Khwang (MRT Huai Khwang) is busy until late at night, and the giant reclining pink Ganesha at Wat Saman Rattanaram in Chachoengsao is a popular day trip.
Insider Tip
The Trimurti shrine in front of CentralWorld is where Bangkok comes to pray for love. Devotees bring red roses and incense, and Thursday evenings are considered the most auspicious time. Worth a look even if you’re not looking for romance.
Sikhism
Thailand’s Sikh community, officially recognised as one of the country’s five religious groups, is centred in Pahurat, Bangkok’s Little India next to Chinatown. Many Sikh families arrived in the early 20th century and built their businesses in the textile trade, which still fills Pahurat’s fabric markets today. The community’s main temple, Gurdwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha, is a landmark of the neighbourhood.
Insider Tip
Like gurdwaras worldwide, the Pahurat gurdwara serves a free vegetarian meal (langar) to anyone who comes, regardless of faith. Cover your head (scarves are provided), remove your shoes and sit on the floor with everyone else. A small donation is appreciated but never required.
Spirit Houses and Thai Beliefs
Long before Buddhism arrived, people in this region believed that spirits (ผี, phi) live in the land, trees, water and houses, and that they need to be respected. Those beliefs never disappeared. Most Thais combine them with Buddhism without any sense of contradiction: a monk blesses the new house, and the family also asks the spirit of the land for permission to live there.
Spirit Houses
Almost every home, condo building, shop and office has a spirit house outside. They usually come in pairs:
- San phra phum (ศาลพระภูมิ): the raised, temple-like house on a single pillar, home to the guardian spirit of the land.
- San chao thi (ศาลเจ้าที่): the lower, house-shaped shrine on four or more legs, for the spirits of the place, often seen as ancestors.
The location and installation date are chosen with care, often by a Brahmin or spirit specialist, and the house is placed where the main building’s shadow won’t fall on it. Daily offerings include flowers, incense, rice, fruit and drinks, along with figurines of dancers, servants and elephants to keep the spirits company.
Insider Tip
Wondering about the bottles of red soda with a straw at every spirit house? Red Fanta is one of the most popular offerings, often explained as a modern stand-in for the blood sacrifices of the past. And the zebra figurines you see along roads mark dangerous spots: they’re offered to the spirits to protect people crossing.
Renting a house or condo? Never move, remove or ignore an existing spirit house without discussing it with your landlord. Many Thai owners, and often your neighbours, will expect it to be looked after. Old or damaged spirit houses aren’t simply thrown away, either: they’re taken to a temple, where you’ll sometimes see dozens of them gathered under a tree.
Ghosts and Spirits
Ghost stories are a national pastime, and Thai horror films are a genre of their own. Some spirits are feared, such as phi pop, a spirit from Isan folklore that possesses people from the inside. Others are loved: the legendary ghost Mae Nak has her own shrine at Wat Mahabut, near BTS On Nut, where visitors still leave offerings, including dresses and baby toys.
Naga: Guardians of Water and Temples
The naga (พญานาค, phaya nak) is a giant serpent from Hindu and Buddhist mythology, believed to live in rivers and to control rain and water. In Thailand, nagas guard the staircases of almost every temple, their bodies forming the handrails and their many-headed hoods rearing up at the bottom step.
According to legend, a naga once disguised himself as a man to become a monk. When his true form was discovered, he asked that every future ordination candidate be called nak in his memory, which is why you’ll still hear that word at every ordination. Belief in the naga is especially strong in Isan and along the Mekong, where crowds gather on Ok Phansa night to watch for the mysterious Naga fireballs.
Blessing Strings and Su Khwan
In Isan, Laos and the north, the bai sri su khwan (บายศรีสู่ขวัญ) ceremony calls back a person’s khwan, the vital spirit believed to wander off during illness, travel or life changes. Elders tie white cotton strings around the person’s wrists while chanting blessings. It’s performed at weddings, ordinations, departures and homecomings. If you’re given strings, leave them on until they fall off by themselves, or for at least three days.
Amulets, Sak Yant and Fortune Telling
- Amulets (พระเครื่อง, phra khrueang): small Buddha images and sacred objects worn for protection and luck, often blessed by famous monks. Bangkok’s main amulet market is at Tha Phra Chan, by Wat Mahathat.
- Sak yant: sacred tattoos believed to give protection, traditionally applied by monks or masters with a long needle. The best-known place is Wat Bang Phra in Nakhon Pathom, which holds a large festival for devotees, usually in March.
- Fortune telling and lucky numbers: many Thais consult fortune tellers before weddings, business openings or buying a car, and choose phone and licence plate numbers for luck. Each day of the week also has its own colour, which is why you’ll see people wearing yellow on Mondays.
Buddhist Holy Days, Festivals and Alcohol Bans
Thailand’s Buddhist holy days follow the lunar calendar, so their dates change every year. On five of them, alcohol sales stop nationwide, which catches out plenty of visitors and newcomers.
| Holy day | What it marks | Usually | Alcohol ban |
|---|---|---|---|
| Makha Bucha | The Buddha’s sermon to 1,250 disciples | February or March | Yes |
| Visakha Bucha | The Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and passing | May or June | Yes |
| Asanha Bucha | The Buddha’s first sermon | July | Yes |
| Khao Phansa | Start of the three-month Buddhist Lent | July, the day after Asanha Bucha | Yes |
| Ok Phansa | End of Buddhist Lent | October | Yes |
Coming up in 2026: Ok Phansa on 26 October.
How the Alcohol Ban Works
- The ban covers sales from midnight to midnight. Drinking at home or in your condo is not illegal.
- Shops, convenience stores, supermarkets and ordinary restaurants and bars must stop selling. At 7-Eleven and supermarkets, the tills simply block alcohol.
- Since 2025, some licensed venues are exempt, including hotels, international airport terminals and certain entertainment venues in designated tourist zones.
- Selling during the ban can lead to up to six months in prison, a fine of up to THB 10,000, or both, so don’t pressure staff to make an exception.
- Separate alcohol bans also apply around national and local election days.
Insider Tip
Check the dates on a Thai source rather than a generic online calendar. In years with an extra lunar month, as in 2026, many international calendars list the holy days weeks too early. Asanha Bucha and Khao Phansa often fall on consecutive days, which means two dry days in a row, so stock up the day before.
On holy days, temples are at their most atmospheric. In the evening, worshippers walk three times around the main temple building with candles, incense and flowers (wian thian). Visitors are welcome to join quietly.
Festivals With Religious Roots
- Songkran (13 to 15 April): the Thai New Year. Beyond the water fights, families make merit and pour scented water over the hands of elders (rod nam dam hua) to ask for their blessing.
- Ok Phansa and the Naga fireballs: on the night of Ok Phansa, crowds gather along the Mekong in Nong Khai to watch for mysterious glowing balls rising from the river. The day after, many temples hold tak bat devo, a mass alms-giving ceremony.
- Loy Krathong (24-25 November 2026): people float candlelit baskets on rivers and canals to honour the water goddess and let go of bad luck. Its roots are Brahmanic as much as Buddhist. In Chiang Mai, it coincides with the Yi Peng lantern festival.
- Chinese New Year and the Vegetarian Festival: the biggest events in the Thai-Chinese calendar (see above).
- Royal Ploughing Ceremony (May): a Brahmin ritual at Sanam Luang that predicts the coming rice harvest and marks the start of the planting season.
- Phi Ta Khon (Dan Sai, Loei, usually June or July): a colourful Buddhist merit-making festival where locals parade in giant spirit masks.
- Eid al-Fitr and Navaratri: celebrated by the Muslim and Hindu communities (see their sections above).
Frequently Asked Questions about Religion in Thailand
What is the main religion in Thailand?
Theravada Buddhism. Around 93.5% of Thais are officially Buddhist, followed by Islam (5.4%) and Christianity (1.1%). Hinduism, Sikhism and Chinese folk religion are smaller but highly visible, and spirit beliefs are part of daily life for most Thais, whatever their religion.
Is Buddhism the official religion of Thailand?
Not formally. The constitution doesn’t declare a state religion, but it requires the King to be a Buddhist and the state to support Buddhism alongside other religions. In practice, Buddhism shapes public holidays, ceremonies and national identity.
How does religion influence Thai culture?
Deeply. Buddhist ideas such as merit, karma and avoiding conflict shape everyday behaviour, from generosity towards strangers to the famous Thai calm. Family milestones, from ordinations to funerals, take place at the temple, and spirit houses, amulets and lucky numbers show how older beliefs live on alongside Buddhism.
Can foreigners and non-Buddhists visit Thai temples?
Yes, almost all temples welcome visitors of any faith. Dress modestly, take your shoes off before entering buildings and never point your feet at a Buddha image. Some temples, especially in the north, don’t allow women into specific inner areas; signs will tell you where.
Can I buy alcohol on Buddhist holidays in Thailand?
Usually not. Alcohol sales are banned nationwide on Makha Bucha, Visakha Bucha, Asanha Bucha, Khao Phansa and Ok Phansa, although some hotels, international airports and licensed venues in tourist zones are exempt. Drinking at home is not illegal.
Can foreigners become monks in Thailand?
Yes, but it’s a serious commitment. Some monasteries accept foreign men who first live at the temple for a period as a lay practitioner, and longer stays may require a special visa. If you’re simply curious, a meditation retreat is a far easier way to experience monastic life.
Is it disrespectful to have a Buddha tattoo or Buddha decorations?
Many Thais find it disrespectful, especially Buddha heads used as garden ornaments, bar decor or tattoos below the waist. Sak yant tattoos with sacred script are a different matter: they’re traditional and widely accepted.
What is a spirit house?
A small shrine outside a home or building, where the guardian spirit of the land lives. Owners leave daily offerings of flowers, food and drinks to keep the spirit happy and the household protected.
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Understanding Thailand Through Religion
Religion in Thailand isn’t confined to temples and holy days. It’s in the way people greet each other, settle disagreements, open a business or move into a new home. Once you start noticing it, the country makes a lot more sense: a temple visit becomes more than sightseeing, a spirit house more than decoration, and a dry day more than an inconvenience.
Living here, we still learn something new at almost every ceremony, festival or neighbourhood shrine. Approach it with curiosity and respect, and most Thais will be happy to explain what you’re seeing.
Continue Exploring Thai Culture
- The most beautiful temples in Thailand
- Thailand etiquette: everyday customs, do’s and don’ts
- Bangkok and its historic temples and neighbourhoods
- Talat Noi: a 4K walk past shrines, churches and riverside history
- Renting an apartment in Thailand

